Diving Thoughts

Sonar searches by an Estonian minesweeper, Ugandi, have found the remains of 3 British ships that were part of a squadron that was supporting the Baltic states’ struggle for independence against both German and Soviet invaders in 1918 / 1919.

The cruiser HMS Cassandra was sunk by an uncharted German mine on 5th December 1918 with the loss of 11 of her crew of 400. Two Flower Class sloops, HMS Myrtle and HMS Gentian, were sunk by mines in July 1919 while clearing a passage to try and supply the independent Estonian government with weapons. Nine men were lost.

The ships apparently lie in around 60-100 metres of water near the island of Saaremaa.

There is more information on the Guardian’s website.

The Hoki Maru is another of my favourite dives (yes, I know, I’ve got a lot of favourites). She was built in Scotland in 1921 and christened the British-New Zealand ship M/V Hauraki. She was captured in December 1941 by the Aikoku and Hokoku Maru, and was subsequently renamed the Hoki Maru.

She was used as a special transport, and when she was sunk she was carrying a cargo of construction equipment. The front of the ship has been very heavily damaged and she lies upright in 45 metres.

As we dropped down, we saw a graceful eagle ray next to the ship. After that auspicious start, we dropped into the rear hold to see a wide variety of trucks and bulldozers. These are what make this wreck special. Interestingly there are also quite a lot of large spherical glass bottles that may have been used to store chemicals.

Hoki Maru

• Displacement: 7,112 tons
• Length: 450 feet
• Beam: 58 feet
• Engine: 2 diesel engines
• Depth: 11-46  m.

Our Dive

• Depth: 43.5 m.
• Time: 51 minutes
• Gas:  Air

Graphic courtesy of Captain Lance Higgs of S.S. Thorfinn.

The Kansho is one of my favourite dives, primarily because of her engine room.

She was built in 1938 as a passenger / cargo ferry, but was taken over by the Japanese navy and a 3 inch bow gun was fitted. She was used for transporting supplies and was bombed in Kwajalein. Her engine room was damaged and she had to be towed to Truk by the Momokawa Maru. Both ships anchored in the repair anchorage on their arrival and both were sunk in the Hailstone attacks. The Kansho Maru was hit by a torpedo and sank in 40 metres of water. She is upright, with a 20 degree list to port.

We did this as a dusk dive, and as we dropped down in daylight, there was a nice little turtle swimming along the wreck. We headed into the engine room, which is 3 storeys high with ladders leading you down. Following the guide we went through too quickly to see it as much as we wanted, something we corrected later in the week.

Swimming forwards we had a look at the bow gun before heading back to the 4 storey superstructure. We had a good look in a number of rooms including the radio room and the galley. We went up to the navigation deck where there is a well-preserved telegraph. We finished up our safety stops on the funnel, where we inadvertently picked up a spare diver from Fong’s group who had arrived 20 minutes after us. I suppose all divers look the same in the dark!

Kansho Maru

• Displacement: 4,861tons
• Length: 380 feet
• Beam: 52.5 feet
• Engine: 1 diesel engine
• Depth: 8 – 40  m.

Our Dive

• Depth: 35.1 m.
• Time: 54 minutes
• Gas:  Air

Graphic courtesy of Captain Lance Higgs of S.S. Thorfinn.

The Shinkoku is a lovely dive with good coral growth and excellent fish life.

She was built in 1939 as a tanker, and she originally carried oil from the US, before the oil embargo was imposed. She was then converted into a fleet oiler and supported Admiral Nagano’s strike force in the Pearl Harbour attack. She survived two days of Hailstone attacks before being sunk by a torpedo which hit the engine room.

We started on the bridge and visited the infirmary with its operating table. There are a number of rooms off  the infirmary, including bathrooms, and a lot of things to see in the superstructure.

We then headed backwards to the rear part of the ship and headed down through a variety of rooms into the large engine room. We spent some time in there before having a look at the stern gun, then heading back to the bridge. There are 3 telegraphs still upright in the bridge section. Fish life was good, with the ubiquitous blue fin trevally in evidence throughout the dive. Another excellent dive, and rightly regarded as among the best in Truk Lagoon.

Shinkoku Maru

• Displacement: 10,020 tons
• Length: 500 feet
• Beam: 65 feet
• Engine: 1 diesel engine
• Depth: 12 – 40  m.

Our Dive

• Depth: 34.7 m.
• Time: 53 minutes
• Gas:  Nitrox 32

Graphic courtesy of Captain Lance Higgs of S.S. Thorfinn.

The Kiyozumi Maru was built in 1934 as a freighter with passenger accommodation. In November 1941 the navy converted her into an armed raider by adding six inch guns, torpedo launchers and anti-aircraft guns. In 1943 the navy reversed course slightly and she was converted to a transport ship. After being torpedoed she was towed to Truk for repairs, a case of out of the frying pan and into the fire. While being repaired she was bombed and sank on her port side in 30 metres of water.

We swam in through the large torpedo hole into the second hold. From there we went through the superstructure where the engine room was wide open. We passed the rear holds and swam past the stern and onto the hull. On the hull there are a number of artefacts that have been placed there for people to see.

Bicycle in Hold #5. Photo by Lau Wing Kee

Kiyozumi Maru

• Displacement: 6,983 tons
• Length: 450 feet
• Beam: 61 feet
• Engine: 1 diesel engine
• Depth: 10 – 32  m.

Our Dive

• Depth: 27.2 m.
• Time: 54 minutes
• Gas:  Nitrox 32

Graphic courtesy of Captain Lance Higgs of S.S. Thorfinn.

The Futagami was a large salvage tug, and was launched in 1939. She carried salvage derricks, as well as pumps and hoses.

She was involved in the unsuccessful attempts to raise the I-169 submarine, which we had dived earlier in the day.

Her sinking seems to be a bit of a mystery, and it may well be that she was scuttled towards the end of the war, perhaps to prevent the Americans taking her over.

We did this at about 5:30 pm as a dusk dive. Dropping in as it was starting to go dark. The stern was in less than 10 metres, and she angles down a slope with her bow at about 30 metres. We started at the stern and swam forwards past the towline tube just aft of the superstructure. Further on was something that looked a bit like a huge bucket, which housed an anti-aircraft gun. There was one on either side. We went past the bridge which has an intact telegraph inside, before having a look at the crew quarters which are near the bow. Heading back past the bridge again, we had a look into the very tight engine room, and finished up in the aft hold, where the thick salvage hose was stored.

This was another very enjoyable dive.

Futagami Fleet Tug

• Displacement: 625 tons
• Length: 131 feet
• Beam: 32 feet
• Engine: 2  coal/oil fired engines
• Depth: 10 – 30  m.

Our Dive

• Depth: 25.5 m.
• Time: 43 minutes
• Gas:  Nitrox 32

Graphic courtesy of Captain Lance Higgs of S.S. Thorfinn.

On my two previous visits I had not dived this wreck. Opinions on it seem to be polarised. Beforehand I was told that it was so badly damaged that it was practically empty and just a shell, which was largely true. I was also told that there were masses of fish on it, and the views looking out of the wreck to the clean, white sand beyond were really pretty, which was also true.  On balance I fall into the second camp, as I  thoroughly enjoyed my dive.

The Kikukawa was a cargo ship and, according to Klaus Lindemann, on 7th October 1943 supplies were being loaded for a garrison in the Marshall Islands when fire broke out. The ship was carrying a large amount of ordinance, and when the fire reached it in the evening there was a massive explosion. The explosion sank the Kikukawa, completely destroying the rear of the ship. It also sank a salvage vessel that was attempting to fight the fires.

The forward part of the Kikukawa is all that is left, and it is almost upside down. Inside is just a huge cavernous interior with some oil drums, some mangled pieces of machinery. As I had been told the views out onto the sand were lovely, and there were masses of fish on the wreck, including two big puffer fish. Andreas spotted a shark outside.

The hull has some ridges on it, which were apparently caused by pressure waves from the explosion. It was an interesting wreck to see, with good fish life. One I would like to do again.

Kikukawa Maru

• Displacement: 3,833 tons
• Length: 354 feet
• Beam: 50 feet
• Depth: 20 – 37  m.

Our Dive

• Depth: 39.3 m.
• Time: 49 minutes
• Gas:  Air

The Heian Maru is the largest wreck still in Truk Lagoon. She was built in 1930 as a passenger / cargo liner, but was converted in to a submarine tender. She was sunk on the 2nd day of Operation Hailstone when a torpedo hit her engine room. She now lies on her port side in about 35 metres of water, but because of her size, her starboard side is at 12 metres.

This is a great wreck, and one dive barely scratches the surface of what there is to see. We focused on the central section and the bow, but still only saw a fraction of it. The merchant ships generally follow a similar pattern, with 2 or 3 holds either side of a central superstructure containing the engine room. But the liners have the addition of, in this case, three decks on a much larger superstructure, which makes them more complex from a diving point of view. This, combined with the size of the Heian Maru, made this a wreck we wanted to come back to.

There is a companionway running along the superstructure containing some very long tubes which were periscopes /snorkels for submarines, as you can see in Catheryn’s photo:

Passageway on Heian Maru (Photo: Catheryn Chu)

Since she lies on her side, once you get a bit deeper into the superstructure it can be very dark. We went into the engine room, where there was a skull, a reminder of the loss of life that happened here. From there, we explored more of the superstructure and the upper companionways, before heading round to the forward holds. Finally we came up to the bow, where you can still clearly see the ship’s name in both English and Japanese.

As we headed along the side back to the line, there were a variety of artefacts that have been placed there, as you can see in Catheryn’s photos below:

Wing, phoning home (Photo: Catheryn Chu)

More artefacts on Heian Maru (Photo: Catheryn Chu)

Heian Maru

• Displacement: 11,616 tons
• Length: 510 feet
• Beam: 66 feet
• Engine: 2  diesels
• Depth: 12 – 35  m.

Our Dive

• Depth: 27.8 m.
• Time: 57 minutes
• Gas:  Nitrox 32

Graphic courtesy of Captain Lance Higgs of S.S. Thorfinn.

Day 2 had a submarine theme, with a dive on the I-169 sub, followed by the Heian Maru Submarine tender and the Futagami tug that attempted to raise the I-169.

The I-169 was built for the Japanese navy, and was launched on 15th Feb 1934. She was involved in the attack on Pearl Harbour, but was eventually converted to an underwater transport. She was a large submarine with a long range, which meant that this role suited her.

Since there were no submarine pens at Truk, standard procedure in the event of an air raid was to submerge and sit on the bottom of the lagoon. On 2nd April 1944, while the Captain was ashore,  there was a warning about an impending raid, so the I-169 submerged. Unfortunately in their haste the crew failed to close the main induction valve, and the control room was flooded. This meant that the remaining crew were unable to open the air valves to push the water out of the ballast tanks, leaving the submarine marooned on the bottom of the lagoon.

After the air raid when the I-169 failed to surface, the Japanese brought in the Futagami Fleet Tug to try and find her. They calculated a possible position based on its anchorage and the direction it was facing, and put divers down. When the divers found the submarine, they could hear tapping coming from crewmen who were trapped in the aft section. The divers managed to get cables round the submarine and the Futugami tried to raise her. As they got her up to the surface one of the cables broke and she sank back down again.

They tried lowering air hoses down and drilling holes into the ballast tanks but this didn’t work either, and finally the tapping from inside the wreck stopped as the last crewmen suffocated.

Over the following 6 weeks the Japanese tried to find out why it had sunk, and they apparently recovered 32 bodies. Subsequently they depth charged the wreck to avoid its technology falling into American hands. As a result the bow and conning tower are extensively damaged.

In 1971 divers entered the wreck through an engine room hatch and filmed the interior and the remains of many of the crew. When this film was shown in Japan, the Government commissioned a recovery effort that removed around 70 skulls. The bones were cremated in a Shinto ceremony. Combined with the bodies recovered at the time, it looks as though there were nearly 100 people on board when it sank. This is more than its normal crew of 70, so it’s possible that some shore personnel were helping with loading / unloading at the time.

Several divers have died on this wreck, so the Chuuk Government have banned penetrations, although it would be quite difficult to get inside anyway, and I suspect very narrow and silty if you did.

Joerg about to ascend from the I-169 (Photo: Lau Wing Kee)

We started at the stern and swam forwards past the damaged conning tower. There is a clear reminder of the tragedy, as we could see the cables with which the Japanese tried to raise the submarine. The outer hull is deteriorating, but the inner hull is still intact. There isn’t a lot of coral on the wreck, partly because of its depth, but there was good fish life, including a lot of Moorish Idols and a school of Blue-fin Trevally.

Sutsuki Patrol Boat

• Displacement: 2,440 tons submerged
• Length: 344 feet
• Beam: 27 feet
• Engine: 2 9000 shp diesels plus 2-1800 shp electric motors
• Depth: 40-47 m.

Our Dive

• Depth:40.1 m.
• Time: 44 minutes
• Gas:  Air

Graphic courtesy of Captain Lance Higgs of S.S. Thorfinn.

On 26 June 1918 the Wimmera, an Australian passenger ship, hit a German mine north of New Zealand. She sank with the loss of 26 lives out of 151 passengers and crew.

Now Mike Hodson, an Auckland electronics expert, and his team claim to have found it in about 90 metres of water.

During the First World War a German raider, the Wolf, had laid mines between Cape Reinga and the Three Kings, off Northland. An inquiry at the time was told that shipping notices to skippers advised that the mines were “not a menace to navigation”, but Captain Herbert Kell was blamed for not taking a more northerly course to avoid the minefield. Captain Kell went down with his ship after supervising the loading of lifeboats.

The wreck is in 90 metres of water, and while it has not yet been positively identified, the people who found it are convinced that it is the Wimmera.

The photo comes from the New Zealand Herald’s website, which has more detail of this story.

Steven Schwankert is a diver and journalist based in Beijing. He has been along to SCDC’s Thursday night club night on a number of occasions, and gave a hugely entertaining talk on diving Lake Khovsgol in Mongolia. Around that time he had embarked on a new project which is just now coming to fruition. He was researching into the story of HMS Poseidon.

HMS Poseidon was a Royal Navy Parthian class submarine which sank after a collision on 9th June 1931, north of Weihai in Shandong province. In the first ever successful deployment of proto-scuba escape equipment, 6 of the 26 crew managed to get back to the surface after the sinking.

But wait… There’s more…

China secretly salvaged the submarine in 1972 and the final resting place of the remaining crew is unknown.

Steven has written a book – “The Real Poseidon Adventure: China’s Secret Salvage of Britain’s Lost Submarine”, which should be published shortly. He has set up a Facebook group for people who are interested (from where I borrowed the photo above).

I’ll post more information about this as it becomes available. And if we’re lucky we might even get Steven along to give us another talk the next time he’s in Hong Kong.

HMS Victory was Nelson’s flagship at Trafalgar, but it was the 6th ship of that name to serve with the Royal Navy. Its predecessor was also a 100 gun ship of the line and was  launched in 1737. However it sank in 1744 in the western approaches to the English Channel with the loss of 1100 men, after hitting a major storm near the Channel Islands. Its topmast was washed up in Guernsey but until 2008 that was the last anyone had seen of her.

In 2008 the salvage company, Odyssey Marine Exploration, found the ship and is in negotiation with the UK’s Minstry of Defence (MOD) trying to come to an agreement to salvage the wreck in exchange for a cut of the profits.

Recently marine archaeologists have found a human skull and rib bones underneath a cannon on the wreck.It has not yet been decided if these should be recovered and then either re-interred, or studied.

Two cannons have been recovered from the wreck, a 12 pounder and a 42 pounder.

There is more information from the Guardian’s website, from which the above photo came.